The Soyuz spacecraft is a crew capsule launched on the Russian-built Soyuz rocket. It is one of the most reliable human spacecraft in the world and has a longer service record than any other human space system.

Constructed by the Soviet Union for their lunar program, the Soyuz capsule flew an uncrewed test flight in November 1966 and carried people for the first time on April 23rd, 1967.

While the Russians never made it to the Moon, the Soyuz spacecraft became a workhorse for human low Earth orbit exploration on the Salyut and Mir space stations and now on the International Space Station.

With the retirement of the Space Shuttles in July 2011, the Soyuz spacecraft became the only ship capable of ferrying astronauts to and from the ISS - a distinction it held for nine years until SpaceX launched the crewed Demo-2 mission of Dragon to the Station in May 2020.

The Soyuz capsule can carry up to three people and consists of three main components:

- The Orbital Module: containing experiments, cameras, crew supplies, and all of the docking equipment.

- The Descent Module: containing the crew during launch and landing.

- The Service Module: containing solar panels, power, long-range radio, telemetry, and an engine for orbital maneuvering and deorbit at the end of the flight.

The Descent Module is the only part of the spacecraft that lands back on Earth.

Image: NASA

The Soyuz 2.1a is a multi-use rocket, capable of launching civilian and military satellites to orbit as well as cargo (Progress) and crew (Soyuz MS spacecraft) vehicles to the International Space Station.

The rocket itself can launch from all three Roscosmos launch sites: the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in western Russia, and the Vostochny Cosmodrome in eastern Russia.

For crew and cargo launches to the Station, it can only launch from Site No. 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

A variant of the rocket, Soyuz ST-A, sporting European upgrades, flies commercial satellite and military missions from Arianespace's South American launch site near Kourou, French Guiana.

The Soyuz 2.1a rocket's first crewed launch happened on April 7th, 2020 when it took two Russian cosmonauts and one American astronaut to the Station.

Image: CPC / Roscosmos

Site 31/6 has been an active launch pad since January 14th, 1961. It has been used to launch R-7A, Vostok, Voskhod, Polyot, Molniya, and previous versions of Soyuz rockets.

It is currently used exclusively to launch the Soyuz 2 rockets.

A workhorse pad for satellite and robotic missions, it took up crew launch duties for Russian missions to the Station beginning in April 2020.

Baikonur Cosmodrome

Located in southern Kazakhstan, Baikonur was the world's first spaceport and the launch site for humanity's first orbital satellite, Sputnik, and Yuri Gagarin's first human spaceflight on April 12th, 1961.

Originally built as the Soviet Union's launch base, the collapse of the Union led to the Kazakh government leasing Baikonur to Russia until 2050.

The spaceport is operated both by Roscosmos, the federal space agency of the Russian Federation, and the Russian Aerospace Forces, a branch of the Russian Armed Forces.

Image courtesy of GK Launch Services / Roscosmos

Poisk

Meet the Mini-Research Module 2: Poisk, the Russian word for "explore."

It is almost identical to the Pirs docking compartment and serves as both a research area for the Russian segment crew and as a docking location for both crewed Soyuz and cargo Progress ships.

The module also allows spacewalks from the Russian portion of the ISS.

Poisk was launched to the ISS on November 10th, 2009 on a Soyuz-U rocket. After arriving in low Earth orbit attached to a modified propulsion section from a Progress spacecraft, Poisk was automatically moved up to the Station and docked to its current location on the Zvezda service module.

Photo: Poisk Module docked to the ISS with the last stage of a Russian spacecraft since undocked. credit: NASA